II Congreso Nacional de Pediatría. La lucha contra la mortalidad infantil / II National Congress of Paediatrics: The fight against child mortality

En el presente trabajo se presenta una aproximación a los contenidos de las ponencias del IICongreso Nacional de Pediatría, celebrado en San Sebastián en 1923, con ocasión del centenario del mismo. Se destaca como hilo conductor de las mismas el problema de la mortalidad infantil, que en aquellos años era muy elevada en España y era una preocupación de políticos, de intelectuales y de la clase médica. Se constata que alguna de las propuestas y preocupaciones de los pediatras que asistieron a dicho congreso siguen vigentes hoy en día.(AU)

In this work, we present an overview of the contents of the communications presented at the Second National Congress of Paediatrics, held in San Sebastian in 1923, on the occasion of the 100th year anniversary. The problem of infant mortality stands out as a common thread, which in those years was very high in Spain and was a concern of politicians, intellectuals and the medical profession. It is worth noting that some of the proposals and concerns of the paediatricians who attended that congress continue to be relevant today.(AU)

II National Congress of Paediatrics: The fight against child mortality.

In the present work, we present an overview of the contents of the communications presented at the Second National Congress of Paediatrics, held in San Sebastian in 1923, on the occasion of the 100th year anniversary. The problem of infant mortality stands out as a common thread, which in those years was very high in Spain and was a concern of politicians, intellectuals and the medical profession. It is worth noting that some of the proposals and concerns of the paediatricians who attended that congress continue to be relevant today.

Feminismo, cuidado infantil y derechos de la infancia. Las feministas en los primeros congresos nacionales de Pediatría / Feminism, childcare and children's rights. Feminists in the first national paediatrics congresses

Analizando la participación de las mujeres en los primeros congresos de Pediatría, llama la atención que una buena parte de ellas pertenecían a organizaciones feministas y que, además de su militancia, tenían una preocupación por los y las menores, por sus aspectos educativos y legales.Se han revisado las actas y publicaciones relacionadas con los cinco primeros congresos nacionales de Pediatría (CNP) (1914-1933), biografías de las participantes y publicaciones sobre el feminismo en los años 20 y 30 del pasado siglo.En los cinco primeros CNP participaron 14 mujeres: un 15% eran del ámbito sanitario, un 65%, del educativo y un 29%, del derecho. Siete de ellas pertenecían a organizaciones feministas (50%). Hay dos generaciones de feministas que participaron en los CNP. La primera militó en la Asociación Nacional de Mujeres Españolas, donde la mayoría de ellas ostentaba cargos orgánicos y su labor profesional fue la educación. La segunda, en torno a Juventud Universitaria Femenina, y su dedicación laboral fue el derecho. Su participación en los CNP fue sobre esos temas, educación y derechos de la infancia. Así mismo, impulsaron otras actividades en defensa de la infancia a nivel social, como las 'cantinas escolares', los 'desayunos escolares' o el 'club infantil' de tiempo libre para las clases más desfavorecidas.Las mujeres que se han estudiado, desde su concepción feminista de la vida, no solo trabajaron por los derechos de la mujer, sino que se esforzaron por mejorar la vida de la infancia y el reconocimiento de sus derechos. (AU)

Analysing the participation of women in the first paediatric congresses, it stands out that many of them belonged to feminist organisations and that, in addition to the pursuit of their cause, they were concerned about children, including educational and legal aspects.We reviewed the minutes and publications related to the first five National Paediatric Congresses (NCPs) (1914-1933), biographies of the participants and publications on feminism in the 1920s and 1930s.Fourteen women participated in the first 5 NPCs, 15% from the health care field, 65% from the field of education and 29% from the field of law. Seven of them belonged to feminist organisations (50%). Two generations of feminists participated in the NPCs. Women from the first generation were actively involved in the National Association of Spanish Women, most of who held positions in administration and worked in the education field. Women from the second generation were organised around the Juventud Universitaria Femenina (University Young Women’s Organization) and worked in law. Their participation in the NPCs had to do with these issues, education and children’s rights. They also promoted other activities to advocate for children at a social level, such as the “school canteens”, “school breakfasts” or the “Children’s Club”, which provided leisure activities for disadvantaged groups.The women whose activity we reviewed, through their feminist perspective of life, not only worked for women’s rights, but also strove to improve the lives of children and to achieve the recognition of their rights. (AU)

Egg oral immunotherapy in children (SEICAP I): Daily or weekly desensitization pattern.

BACKGROUND: Studies are required before incorporating egg oral immunotherapy (OIT) into clinical practice. The Spanish Society of Pediatric Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology (SEICAP) conducted a multicenter, randomized controlled study assessing the effectiveness and safety of the OIT using pasteurized egg white (PEW) in egg-allergic children. METHODS: One hundred and one egg-allergic children (6-9 years) were randomized for 1 year: 25 to an egg-free-diet (CG) and 76 to OIT (target dose 3.3 g PEW proteins), PI (30% weekly plus 5% daily increments) or PII (only 30% weekly increments) buildup patterns. Egg skin prick test, sIgE and sIgG4 serum levels, PEW double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC), and dosing adverse reactions (DARs) were evaluated in all patients from inclusion (T0) until completing 1 year of follow-up (T12). At T12, egg-allergic control patients could start OIT. The effectiveness and safety of OIT and the effect of the buildup pattern were analyzed. RESULTS: At T12, 4/25 (16.0%) CG patients passed the PEW DBPCFC vs 64/76 (84.2%) OIT that reached total desensitization (P = 0.000); 12 egg-allergic control patients started OIT. Finally, 72/88 (81.81%) patients reached total desensitization, 96.15% PI vs 75.80% on PII (P = 0.01). Induction period (121.12 ± 91.43, median 98.00 days) was longer in patients on PII buildup pattern, and those with allergic asthma, minor threshold dose, or higher egg sIgE (P < 0.05). Most patients (89.06%) developed DARs: 74.53% were mild; 21.90% moderate; and 3.5% requiring adrenaline-treatment. Moderate reactions and those requiring adrenaline were more frequent in patients with allergic asthma, PII pattern, or higher egg sIgE serum antibody levels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PEW OIT is an effective treatment for children with persistent egg allergy. A 30% weekly plus 5% daily increment pattern could be more effective and safer than one with only 30% weekly increments.

Egg OIT in clinical practice (SEICAP II): Maintenance patterns and desensitization state after normalizing the diet.

BACKGROUND: It is unknown which are the most suitable maintenance pattern and egg consumption to maintain the desensitization state after ending the oral immunotherapy (OIT). This multicenter, randomized, controlled trial compared two OIT maintenance patterns with pasteurized egg white (PEW), evaluating the egg consumption effect on the desensitization state after ending the OIT. METHODS: One hundred and one children with confirmed egg allergy were randomized: 25 to an egg-free diet (CG) and 76 to an OIT year with PEW and two maintenance patterns, 38 patients to daily 3.3 g proteins (AG) and 38 to every two days (BG). PEW challenge (DBPCFC), adverse reactions, and immune markers were assessed at baseline, at the end of the OIT, and at 6 and 12 months later on ad libitum egg consumption (T0, T12, T18, and T24). A questionnaire evaluated the egg consumption at T18. RESULTS: At T12, 64 of 76 (84.21%) OIT patients had reached total desensitization (32 AG and 32 BG) vs 4 of 25 (16.00%) CG who passed the PEW DBPCFC. Thirty (93.75%) AG vs 25 (78.12%) BG patients completed an OIT year. At T18, 27 of 29 (93.1%) AG vs 20 of 24 (83.3%) BG passed the PEW DBPCFC, 96% consuming at least two egg servings/week. At T24, 97.43% OIT patients passed the challenge. Most patients had adverse reactions, more frequent in the BG patients; frequency and severity of reactions decreased through the study. PEW skin prick test wheal and sIgE antibody serum levels similarly decreased in AG or BG, but AG patients had greater increase in PEW sIgG4 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Daily OIT maintenance achieves better adherence, effectiveness, and safety. Two egg servings/week ensure maintained desensitization after the end of an OIT year.

[On the 50th anniversary of Anales de Pediatría, official publication of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics]. / En los 50 años de Anales de Pediatría, publicación oficial de la Asociación Española de Pediatría.

The 50th Anniversary of Anales de Pediatría is a good time for the celebration of events and tributes, and also for critical thought. Anales de Pediatría is the official publication of scientific expression of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics (AEP). It has been published continuously since October 1968. Anales has contributed so much to the narrative of the advances in Spanish paediatrics, as well as the AEP. Throughout its 50 years of history, the editorial teams of the journal have worked to streamline its management, improve the quality of the content, and to ensure its dissemination and national-international visibility. From 1968 to 1972, Anales was published as a Journal-bulletin. From 1977 until 2000, presence of original articles. Since the year 2000, continuous modernisation and recognition with international journals of prestige, indexing in SCI-JCR, impact from 2009, electronic management of manuscripts, Spanish/English from the 2014 Edition. The evolution of the journal is reviewed in this article. With this, the AEP history committee wants to collaborate in a greater understanding of the development of Spanish paediatrics, as well as to present the history of Anales to its authors and readers. The History committee proposes that a small percentage of space is destined for the humanities and to the humanisation of paediatrics. Best information will ensure the best care for children and also for paediatricians.

The establishment of cow's milk protein allergy in infants is related with a deficit of regulatory T cells (Treg) and vitamin D.

BACKGROUND: Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is the most common food allergy in infants. However, little is known about which specific immune mechanisms are related with the CMPA onset. The objective was to investigate which immune alterations constitute differential factors between allergy and tolerance, and hence could be implicated in the CMPA establishment in infants. METHODS: An extensive analysis of immune subsets, including Treg and cytokine-secreting cells was performed in blood samples from 28 infants younger than 9 mo obtained 1-4 d after the first adverse reaction to milk. RESULTS: Less than 4 d after first allergic reaction, infants who developed CMPA had decreased Treg counts and increased frequency of IL4-secreting CD4 T cells compared to controls. The deficit of Tregs was correlated with decreased serum levels of vitamin D. Values of Tregs, IL4-secreting cells and vitamin D were good predictors of CMPA diagnosis. Basal vitamin D levels in CMPA infants also predicted those CMPA patients developing spontaneous tolerance in the first year. CONCLUSION: Establishment of CMPA in infants was related with lower Treg and vitamin D levels. These immune alterations would be crucial factors behind the CMPA establishment and they could constitute a therapeutic target for treatment of CMPA.

Consensus document on the approach to children with allergic reactions after vaccination or allergy to vaccine components

Vaccinations are one of the main public health tools for the control of vaccine-preventable diseases. If a child is identified as having had an allergic reaction to a vaccine, subsequent immunisations will probably be suspended - with the risks such a decision implies. The incidence of severe allergic reactions is very low, ranging between 0.5 and 1 cases/100,000 doses. Rather than the vaccine antigens as such, the causes of allergic reactions to vaccines are often residual protein components of the manufacturing process such as gelatine or egg, and less commonly yeasts or latex. Most vaccine reactions are mild and circumscribed to the injection site; although in some cases severe anaphylactic reactions can be observed. If an immediate-type allergic reaction is suspected at vaccination, or if a child with allergy to some of the vaccine components is scheduled for vaccination, a correct diagnosis of the possible allergic process must be made. The usual vaccine components must be known in order to determine whether vaccination can be safely performed

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Consensus document on the approach to children with allergic reactions after vaccination or allergy to vaccine components.

Vaccinations are one of the main public health tools for the control of vaccine-preventable diseases. If a child is identified as having had an allergic reaction to a vaccine, subsequent immunisations will probably be suspended - with the risks such a decision implies. The incidence of severe allergic reactions is very low, ranging between 0.5 and 1 cases/100,000 doses. Rather than the vaccine antigens as such, the causes of allergic reactions to vaccines are often residual protein components of the manufacturing process such as gelatine or egg, and less commonly yeasts or latex. Most vaccine reactions are mild and circumscribed to the injection site; although in some cases severe anaphylactic reactions can be observed. If an immediate-type allergic reaction is suspected at vaccination, or if a child with allergy to some of the vaccine components is scheduled for vaccination, a correct diagnosis of the possible allergic process must be made. The usual vaccine components must be known in order to determine whether vaccination can be safely performed.

Oral immunotherapy in hen's egg-allergic children increases a hypo-proliferative subset of CD4+ T cells that could constitute a marker of tolerance achievement.

BACKGROUND: Food allergy affects a significant number of children and its prevalence, and persistence is undergoing an important increase in the last years. Specific oral tolerance induction (SOTI) is a promising therapy for food allergy. However, little is known about the immune mechanisms implicated in the desensitization to allergens. Our purpose was to study which immune parameters are modified during the process of tolerance achievement with the goal of identifying markers of tolerance induction. METHODS: We performed an extensive immune analysis in 19 allergic children following SOTI with hen's egg before and after the immunotherapy. Changes in lymphocyte subpopulations and serum cytokines were identified in children with desensitization achievement. RESULTS: Sixteen children achieved complete tolerance to egg, and the immune analysis reveals that desensitization was accompanied in all the cases by a significant decrease in the percentage and absolute counts of effector-memory CD4+ T cells (T(EM) ) and a marked increase in the absolute counts of a subset of CD4(+) CD38(+) CD45RO(-) cells. Additionally, we also observed a marked reduction in the plasma levels of different Th1 and Th2 cytokines after tolerance achievement. CONCLUSIONS: Acquisition of tolerance in children after oral immunotherapy is accompanied by a decrease in the T(EM) population and the increase in a particular subset of CD4+ T cells with a hypo-proliferative and non-reactive phenotype. This hypo-proliferative subset of cells could constitute a marker of the development of oral tolerance, and the study of this subset could contribute to the better understanding of the immune responses in allergic subjects.

Identification of an IgE reactive peptide in hen egg riboflavin binding protein subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion.

Riboflavin binding protein (RfBP) is a minor protein in hen egg; its potential involvement in egg allergy has seldom been studied. The aim of this work was to investigate the IgE binding capacity of RfBP before and after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. It was shown that digestion of RfBP mainly occurred during the gastric phase. The protein fragments resulting from the subsequent duodenal phase remained linked through disulfide bonds. Both the intact protein and its digests were subjected to inhibition ELISA with sera obtained from patients allergic to egg. The results revealed significant IgE binding to intact RfBP, whereas the digests showed reduced but substantial IgE binding levels, with serum-to-serum variability. The RfBP digests were then subjected to immunoblot with allergic patients' sera, and the IgE-reactive peptides were further analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry for sequence determination. The RfBP sequence 41-84 was identified as a novel IgE binding peptide in patients allergic to egg.